Neuroimmune Disease

Neuroimmune disorders, like acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), MOG antibody disease (MOGAD), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), optic neuritis (ON), and transverse myelitis (TM), are conditions in which a person’s immune system mistakenly attacks parts of the central nervous system (CNS)—the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves.These disorders are often triggered by infections, autoimmune responses, or other environmental factors, and can lead to inflammation and damage within the CNS. ADEM typically follows a viral infection, causing widespread inflammation in the brain and spinal cord. AFM primarily affects the spinal cord, leading to sudden weakness and paralysis, often in children. MOGAD is characterized by the presence of antibodies that attack myelin, the protective covering of nerve fibers. NMOSD primarily affects the optic nerves and spinal cord, leading to vision loss and paralysis. Optic neuritis involves inflammation of the optic nerve, causing vision problems and sometimes pain. Transverse myelitis is a condition that causes inflammation across both sides of the spinal cord, leading to neurological deficits such as weakness, sensory changes, or bladder and bowel dysfunction.Treatment for these neuroimmune disorders typically involves immunosuppressive therapies to reduce inflammation and manage symptoms. This may include corticosteroids, plasma exchange, or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial to minimize long-term damage and improve recovery outcomes. Ongoing research into the underlying mechanisms of these diseases may lead to more effective treatments and better understanding of how to prevent these harmful immune responses.

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