Brain–Gut–Microbiome Axis in Neurological Health & Disease

The brain–gut–microbiome axis plays a crucial role in regulating neurological function, influencing behavior, immunity, stress responses, and neuroinflammation. Microbial metabolites, neurotransmitter-like molecules, and immune mediators interact with neural pathways through vagal signaling, systemic circulation, and hormonal mechanisms. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome has been linked to disorders such as autism spectrum disorder, depression, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and neuropathic pain. Research demonstrates that modulating the microbiome through probiotics, prebiotics, dietary interventions, microbial metabolites, and fecal microbiota transplantation can impact neuroimmune balance, strengthen gut barrier function, and influence neurochemical pathways. Systems biology approaches help decode microbial signatures associated with disease phenotypes, enabling the development of microbiome-informed diagnostics and therapeutics. As microbiome science evolves, integrating gut-targeted therapies with CNS interventions offers a promising avenue for holistic neurological care.

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